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<h1>Science Section of BARB</h1><h2>Current Status</h2><p>Between 1 February 2008 and 31 August 2010, more than 25,000 references related to science work done in the Athabasca River Basin (ARB) were identified and the bibliographic information added to an electronic spreadsheet. There were three main categories of published materials: 1) reports (technical industrial or governmental publications produced in relatively small numbers and not usually peer-reviewed; usually produced by consulting companies), 2) journal articles (papers written in scientific periodicals which were usually peer-reviewed), and 3) theses (undergraduate, masters and doctoral). Reports constituted 62% of the total, followed by journal articles at 28%, with the remaining being theses. See Figure 1. There were very few science books dealing with the ARB. (Scientific books tend to summarize journal articles.) In addition a few URLs were documented.</p> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure1', '#title' => chart_title(t('Types of published materials'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), ); $chart['#data']['Theses'] = 10; $chart['#data']['Journal Articles'] = 28; $chart['#data']['Reports'] = 62; $chart['#labels'][] = t('Theses'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Journal Articles'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Reports'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote><p>Figure 1. Relative percentages of governmental and industrial reports, journal articles (papers) and theses related to science and documented for BARB as of 31 August 2010. n = 25,530.</p></blockquote> <h2>1. Reports</h2><p>The majority of reports were multi-disciplinary (27%). This category included most of the Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs). See Figure 2. Oil, Gas and Other Non-renewable Fuels formed the largest single category (12%). Following, in order of importance, were: Forestry, Hydrology, Geography and Geology. For what was included in Miscellaneous (32%), see <a href="http://www.barbau.ca/content/sub-categories">“Sub-categories within Science</a>”.</p><p><br />The number of reports produced over time increased at a near exponential rate (Figure 3). For the latest decade 2000-2009, the rate was 418.5 per year. As some reports had uncertain dates or were not dated, the numbers (n) used for Figures 2 and 3 were not the same.</p> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure2', '#title' => chart_title(t('Report Types'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), ); $chart['#data']['Miscellaneous'] = 32; $chart['#data']['Multi-disciplinary'] = 27; $chart['#data']['Oil & Gas'] = 12; $chart['#data']['Forestry'] = 11; $chart['#data']['Hydrology'] = 7; $chart['#data']['Geography'] = 6; $chart['#data']['Geology'] = 5; $chart['#labels'][] = t('Miscellaneous'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Multi-disciplinary'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Oil & Gas'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Forestry'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Hydrology'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Geography'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Geology'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'ffee65'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'e54964'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '41454a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '94c2bd'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote><p>Figure 2. Relative percentages of governmental and industrial reports relating to the ARB as of 31 August 2010. n = 15,885.</p></blockquote> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure3', '#title' => chart_title(t('Reports by decade'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_LINE, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), '#adjust_resolution' => TRUE, ); $chart['#data']['reports'] = array(1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 6, 11, 15, 21, 58, 69, 71, 128, 348, 856, 3153, 3222, 3125, 4185); $chart['#legends'][] = t('Reports'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][0][] = chart_mixed_axis_range_label(0, 4500); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('Count'), 95); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1800')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1850')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1900')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1950')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('2000')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][2][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('Decade'), 50); echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote><p>Figure 3. Number of ARB reports produced each decade from 1800 to 2009. n= 15,270.</p></blockquote> <h2>2. Journal Articles</h2><p>Journal articles were much more uni-disciplinary than the reports; only 8% were multi-disciplinary. See Figure 4. The largest subject category was Biology (38%) followed by Oil, Gas and Other Non-renewable Fuels (21%). After that came Forestry, Geology, and Geography. Compared with the reports, the Miscellaneous category was small (only 7%).</p><p>The number of journal articles produced over time also increased at a near exponential rate (Figure 5). For the latest decade 2000-2009, the rate was 242 per year.</p> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure4', '#title' => chart_title(t('Journal Article Types'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), ); $chart['#data']['Biology'] = 38; $chart['#data']['Oil & Gas'] = 21; $chart['#data']['Forestry'] = 11; $chart['#data']['Geology'] = 8; $chart['#data']['Geography'] = 7; $chart['#data']['Multi-disciplinary'] = 8; $chart['#data']['Miscellaneous'] = 7; $chart['#labels'][] = t('Miscellaneous'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Biology'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Oil & Gas'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Forestry'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Geology'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Geography'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Multi-disciplinary'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Miscellaneous'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'ffee65'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'e54964'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '41454a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '94c2bd'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 4. Relative percentages of periodical articles relating to the ARB as of 31 August 2010. n = 7,810.</blockquote> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure5', '#title' => chart_title(t('Articles by decate'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_LINE, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), '#adjust_resolution' => TRUE, ); $chart['#data']['articles'] = array(2, 2, 2, 9, 9, 26, 48, 134, 110, 128, 242, 383, 794, 1285, 1490, 2420); $chart['#legends'][] = t('Articles'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][0][] = chart_mixed_axis_range_label(0, 3000); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('Count'), 95); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1850')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1900')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1950')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('2000')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][2][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('Decade'), 50); echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 5. Number of ARB journal articles produced each decade from 1850 to 2009. n= 7,084.</blockquote> <h2>3. Theses</h2> <p>Although relatively small in number, theses are an important indicator of what kinds of research have been done in the ARB (but may not be published in scientific journals) and what institutions are doing the work.</p><p><br />About two-thirds of the theses dealing with the ARB were at the masters level. See Figure 6. Thirty percent were at the doctoral level and only 3% were at an undergraduate level. Normally, journal articles are subsequently produced from doctoral theses but less frequently from masters theses and undergraduate theses. The numbers of theses reported here are not the same because a few theses were not designated as to degree or department or were incomplete at the time of data entry.</p><p><br />As expected, the majority of theses produced came from Canada (88%). See Figure 7. However, we were surprised to find how many different institutions (mostly universities but some colleges and other educational institutions) were involved. In Canada, 42 institutions (representing all provinces except P.E.I.) had students working in the ARB. Nine percent of the theses came from the U.S.A. –with 79 institutions representing 38 states. The University of Wisconsin, Madison produced 41 theses. Princeton University was the next most productive with 9 theses. The Other category (3%; Europe and Asia but primarily Great Britain) represented 64 institutions.</p><p><br />Well over half of the Canadian theses were done through the University of Alberta – less than we expected. See Figure 8. Twelve percent came via the University of Calgary. The Universities of Saskatchewan, British Columbia and Waterloo followed with 3-4%. Thirty-seven institutions were in the Other category.<br /><br />Figure 9 depicts the growing numbers of theses produced that deal with the ARB. In the latest interval, 2005-2009, the rate was 50.3 theses per year.</p> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure6', '#title' => chart_title(t('Level of theses'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), ); $chart['#data']['Masters'] = 67; $chart['#data']['Doctoral'] = 30; $chart['#data']['Undergraduate'] = 3; $chart['#labels'][] = t('Masters'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Doctoral'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Undergraduate'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 6. Relative percentages, by level, of theses relating to the ARB as of 31 August 2010. n = 2,383.</blockquote> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure7', '#title' => chart_title(t('Theses by country'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), ); $chart['#data']['Canada (42)'] = 88; $chart['#data']['U.S.A. (79)'] = 9; $chart['#data']['Other (64)'] = 3; $chart['#labels'][] = t('Canada'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('U.S.A.'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Other'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 7. Relative percentages, by country, of theses relating to the ARB as of 31 August 2010. Numbers in parentheses indicate number of institutions. n = 2,417.</blockquote> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure8', '#title' => chart_title(t('Theses by University'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_PIE_3D, '#size' => chart_size(750, 260), ); $chart['#data']['University of Alberta'] = 57; $chart['#data']['University of Calgary'] = 12; $chart['#data']['University of Saskatchewan'] = 4; $chart['#data']['University of British Columbia'] = 4; $chart['#data']['University of Waterloo'] = 3; $chart['#data']['Other'] = 20; $chart['#labels'][] = t('University of Alberta'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('University of Calgary'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('University of Saskatchewan'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('University of British Columbia'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('University of Waterloo'); $chart['#labels'][] = t('Other'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '81b27a'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'bccc5f'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'ffee65'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = 'e54964'; $chart['#data_colors'][] = '41454a'; echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 8. Relative percentages, by university, of theses relating to the ARB as of 31 August 2010. n = 2,123.</blockquote> <center> <?php $chart = array( '#chart_id' => 'figure9', '#title' => chart_title(t('Theses per 5 years'), '660000', 15), '#type' => CHART_TYPE_LINE, '#size' => chart_size(550, 260), '#adjust_resolution' => TRUE, ); $chart['#data']['theses'] = array(0, 0, 1, 2, 11, 9, 16, 3, 5, 27, 29, 35, 56, 92, 121, 174, 177, 195, 198, 305, 375, 503); $chart['#legends'][] = t('Theses'); $chart['#data_colors'][] = '607f7b'; $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][0][] = chart_mixed_axis_range_label(0, 500); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_Y_LEFT][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('Count'), 95); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1900')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('1950')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('2000')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][1][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('')); $chart['#mixed_axis_labels'][CHART_AXIS_X_BOTTOM][2][] = chart_mixed_axis_label(t('5 years'), 50); echo chart_render($chart); ?> </center> <blockquote>Figure 9. Number of ARB theses produced each five-year interval from 1910 to 2009. n=2,334.</blockquote>
